Microcirugía transanal endoscópica como tratamiento de los tumores benignos del recto / Endoscopic Transanal Microsurgery as a Treatment of Benign Rectal Tumors

Introducción: La microcirugía transanal endoscópica es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo para el tratamiento local de los grandes adenomas y los cánceres en estadios iniciales del recto. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la microcirugía transanal endoscópica en los pacientes con tumores benignos del recto en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso de La Habana. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de una base de datos prospectiva de 15 años. Se les ejecutó a un total de 91 pacientes con tumores benignos del recto la microcirugía transanal endoscópica entre abril de 2004 y diciembre de 2019. Se incluyeron las variables: edad, sexo, indicación, tiempo quirúrgico, localización del tumor, tamaño tumoral, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones posoperatorias y recidiva local. Resultados: La principal indicación fue el adenoma del recto con 70 (76,9 por ciento) pacientes. La edad media fue de 63,4 años, el tiempo quirúrgico 81,1 minutos y el tamaño tumoral 3,5 cm. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 1 día y las complicaciones posoperatorias fueron 4 (4,3 por ciento): dos sangramientos, una dehiscencia de sutura y una estenosis. Dos pacientes (2,8 por ciento) tuvieron recidiva local en el grupo de los adenomas y no se realizaron conversiones a cirugía laparoscópica o cirugía abierta. Conclusión: La microcirugía transanal endoscópica fue una técnica factible y segura en el tratamiento de los adenomas del recto no resecables endoscópicamente, adenomas con displasia de alto grado y en otros tumores del recto(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic transanal microsurgery is a minimally invasive procedure for local treatment of large adenomas and early-stage rectal cancers. Objective: To assess the outcomes of endoscopic transanal microsurgery in patients with benign rectal tumors at the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery in Havana. Methods: A retrospective study of a 15-year prospective database was carried out. A total of 91 patients with benign rectal tumors underwent endoscopic transanal microsurgery between April 2004 and December 2019. The following variables were included: age, sex, indication, surgical time, tumor location, tumor size, hospital stay, postoperative complications and local recurrence. Results: The main indication was rectal adenoma, accounting for 70 (76.9 percent) patients. The mean age was 63.4 years, surgical time was 81.1 minutes and tumor size was 3.5 cm. Hospital stay was one day. Postoperative complications were four (4.3 percent): two bleedings, one suture dehiscence and one stenosis. Two patients (2.8 percent) had local recurrence in the adenoma group. No conversions to laparoscopic or open surgery were performed. Conclusion: Endoscopic transanal microsurgery was a feasible and safe technique in the treatment of endoscopically unresectable rectal adenomas, adenomas with high-grade dysplasia and other rectal tumors.

Cirugía mínimamente invasiva transanal (TAMIS): técnica y resultados de la experiencia inicial / Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS): technique and results of initial experience

Resumen Antecedentes: la cirugía transanal endoscópica es un abordaje mínimamente invasivo recientemente descrito, que provee una exposición superior y permite el acceso a las lesiones del recto en toda su extensión. Además, provee un riesgo menor de compromiso de los márgenes de resección, menores tasas de recurrencia y una menor morbimortalidad en comparación con la escisión transanal convencional o las remociones endoscópicas. Objetivos: se pretende describir la experiencia inicial y los resultados con la cirugía transanal mínimamente invasiva (transanal minimally invasive surgery, TAMIS) en términos de resecciones completas y posibles complicaciones relacionadas con el procedimiento. Materiales y métodos: esta una serie de casos con un seguimiento prospectivo de los pacientes con TAMIS. Se analizaron los resultados de 27 pacientes intervenidos en varios centros de Medellín, Colombia, entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2016, realizados con cirugía laparoscópica monopuerto (single-port laparoscopic surgery, SILS) (21 casos) o el GelPOINT® Path (6 casos), junto con el apoyo de la óptica del laparoscopio (16 pacientes) y del endoscopio flexible (11 pacientes). Resultados: se realizaron 27 TAMIS en el mismo número de pacientes, 10 mujeres (37 %) y 17 hombres fueron evaluados. Se realizó un seguimiento a los pacientes durante aproximadamente 12 meses, en promedio 32 meses. La edad promedio fue de 68 años (52-83 años). El tamaño promedio del tumor fue de 5,3 cm (2-9 cm) y la distancia promedio desde el margen anal fue de 7 cm (5-9 cm) Las complicaciones posoperatorias se dieron en 6 casos (22 %) Una perforación rectal se corrigió por vía laparoscópica en el mismo acto quirúrgico y otra por la misma vía transanal. Una estenosis rectal se manejó con dilatación digital, y hubo un caso de sangrado rectal menor, uno de retención urinaria y un paciente presentó un cáncer rectal avanzado a los tres meses de la resección con margen microscópico positivo (4 %). No hubo reingresos. La mortalidad por la intervención fue nula. La patología operatoria reportó la presencia de adenoma de bajo grado en 3 casos (11 %), de alto grado en 11 (41 %), adenocarcinoma in situ en 6 (22 %), tumor neuroendocrino en 5 pacientes (18 %), 1 caso de fibrosis cicatricial (4 %) y 1 de leiomioma (4 %). Limitaciones: los resultados no son extrapolables a la población general debido al poco número de intervenciones y la ejecución limitada a solo dos autores. Conclusiones: en nuestra experiencia inicial, TAMIS es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo con una baja morbilidad posoperatoria, es curativa para lesiones benignas y para pacientes seleccionados con cáncer temprano.

Abstract Background: Transanal endoscopic surgery, a recently described minimally invasive approach, provides superior exposure and access to the entirety of rectal lesions and has lower risks of compromising resection margins, lower recurrence rates and lower morbidity and mortality than do conventional transanal excision and endoscopic removals. Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe our initial experience and with minimally invasive transanal surgery (TAMIS) and its results in terms of complete resections and complications possibly related to the procedure. Materials and methods: This is a series of TAMIS cases with prospective follow-ups. We analyzed the results of 27 patients who underwent the procedure at several centers in Medellín, Colombia, between January 2012 and December 2016. Twenty patients had Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery while the GelPOINT path transanal access platform was used for the other six patients. Laparoscope optics provide support for 16 procedures while the more recently introduced flexible endoscope supported eleven procedures. Results: Twenty-seven TAMIS procedures were performed and evaluated. Ten patients were women (37%), and 17 were men. On average, patients were followed up for 32 months, but none less than 12 months. Average patient age was 68 years (52 to 83 years). The average tumor size was 5.3 cm (2 to 9 cm) and the average distance from the anal margin was 7 cm (5 to 9 cm). Postoperative complications occurred in six cases (22%). In one case, a rectal perforation was corrected laparoscopically during the procedure. Another perforation was corrected by the same transanal route. A rectal stenosis was managed with digital dilatation, there was one case of minor rectal bleeding, one case of urinary retention and one patient developed advanced rectal cancer with a positive microscopic margin (4%) three months after resection. There were no readmissions. There were no deaths due to the intervention. Pathology reported low grade adenomas in three cases (11%), high grade adenomas in 11 cases (41%), in-situ adenocarcinoma in six cases (22%), neuroendocrine tumors in five cases (19%), and one case each of cicatricial fibrosis (4%) and leiomyoma (4%). Limitations: The results cannot be extrapolated to the general population because of the limited number of interventions and performance of procedures by only two authors. Conclusions: Our initial experience shows TAMIS to be a minimally invasive procedure with low postoperative morbidity which is curative for benign lesions and for selected patients with early cancer.

Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Patients With Rectal Tumors: A Single Institution's Experience

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to look at our complication rates and recurrence rates, as well as the need for further radical surgery, in treating patients with benign and early malignant rectal tumors by using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). METHODS: Our study included 130 patients who had undergone TEM for rectal adenomas and early rectal cancer from December 2009 to December 2015 at the Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Lithuania. Patients underwent digital and endoscopic evaluation with multiple biopsies. For preoperative staging, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging or endorectal ultrasound was performed. We recorded the demographics, operative details, final pathologies, postoperative lengths of hospital stay, postoperative complications, and recurrences. RESULTS: The average tumor size was 2.8 ± 1.5 cm (range, 0.5–8.3 cm). 102 benign (78.5%) and 28 malignant tumors (21.5%) were removed. Of the latter, 23 (82.1%) were pT1 cancers and 5 (17.9%) pT2 cancers. Of the 5 patients with pT2 cancer, 2 underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, 1 underwent an abdominoperineal resection, 1 refused further treatment and 1 was lost to follow up. No intraoperative complications occurred. In 7 patients (5.4%), postoperative complications were observed: urinary retention (4 patients, 3.1%), postoperative hemorrhage (2 patients, 1.5%), and wound dehiscence (1 patient, 0.8%). All complications were treated conservatively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.3 days. CONCLUSION: TEM in our experience demonstrated low complication and recurrence rates. This technique is recommended for treating patients with a rectal adenoma and early rectal cancer and has good prognosis.

Cirugía transanal a través de puerto único (TAMIS). Revisión frente otras técnicas de excisión endoscópica de lesiones rectales / Transanal surgery through single port (TAMIS). Revision front of the techniques of endoscopic excision of rectal lesions

Introducción: los programas de screening y la mejora en las técnicas diagnósticas han aumentado el porcentaje de tumores rectales que se pueden tratar en estadios iniciales. La morbimortalidad asociada a la cirugía radical de la neoplasia rectal, así como la tendencia a una cirugía menos agresiva, ha hecho que se desarrollen las técnicas de abordaje transanal, aplicando las últimas tecnologías disponibles. Material y métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura, considerando las diferentes técnicas de excisión endoscópica. Resultados: la cirugía endoscópica transanal, en todas sus variantes, ha demostrado ser un abordaje seguro para el tratamiento de adenomas y tumores rectales en estadios iniciales (pT1N0). Conclusión: son necesarios más estudios que permitan demostrar la seguridad de ampliar esta técnica para el tratamiento de lesiones avanzadas, asociada a quimio-radioterapia neoadyuvante.

Background: screening programs and improvement of diagnostic techniques have increased the percentage of rectal tumors that can be treated in an early stage. Radical surgery of the rectum is associated with high morbimortality, and the general tendency towards a less aggressive surgery has led to the development of transanal techniques, adjusting the latest technologies available. Methods: a review of the literature, including the different types of endoscopic surgery available. Results: transanal endoscopic microsurgery, in all its variants, has proven to be a safe and effective method for treating rectal adenomas and early stage cancer (pT1N0). Conclusion: further studies are required to prove the safeness of these techniques on more advanced lesions, in association with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy.